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29 \example richtext/syntaxhighlighter
30 \title Syntax Highlighter Example
32 \brief The Syntax Highlighter example shows how to perform simple syntax
33 highlighting by subclassing the QSyntaxHighlighter class.
35 \image syntaxhighlighter-example.png
37 The Syntax Highlighter application displays C++ files with custom
40 The example consists of two classes:
43 \o The \c Highlighter class defines and applies the
45 \o The \c MainWindow widget is the application's main window.
48 We will first review the \c Highlighter class to see how you can
49 customize the QSyntaxHighlighter class to fit your preferences,
50 then we will take a look at the relevant parts of the \c
51 MainWindow class to see how you can use your custom highlighter
52 class in an application.
54 \section1 Highlighter Class Definition
56 \snippet examples/richtext/syntaxhighlighter/highlighter.h 0
58 To provide your own syntax highlighting, you must subclass
59 QSyntaxHighlighter, reimplement the \l
60 {QSyntaxHighlighter::highlightBlock()}{highlightBlock()} function,
61 and define your own highlighting rules.
63 We have chosen to store our highlighting rules using a private
64 struct: A rule consists of a QRegExp pattern and a QTextCharFormat
65 instance. The various rules are then stored using a QVector.
67 The QTextCharFormat class provides formatting information for
68 characters in a QTextDocument specifying the visual properties of
69 the text, as well as information about its role in a hypertext
70 document. In this example, we will only define the font weight and
71 color using the QTextCharFormat::setFontWeight() and
72 QTextCharFormat::setForeground() functions.
74 \section1 Highlighter Class Implementation
76 When subclassing the QSyntaxHighlighter class you must pass the
77 parent parameter to the base class constructor. The parent is the
78 text document upon which the syntax highligning will be
79 applied. In this example, we have also chosen to define our
80 highlighting rules in the constructor:
82 \snippet examples/richtext/syntaxhighlighter/highlighter.cpp 0
83 \snippet examples/richtext/syntaxhighlighter/highlighter.cpp 1
85 First we define a keyword rule which recognizes the most common
86 C++ keywords. We give the \c keywordFormat a bold, dark blue
87 font. For each keyword, we assign the keyword and the specified
88 format to a HighlightingRule object and append the object to our
91 \snippet examples/richtext/syntaxhighlighter/highlighter.cpp 2
93 \snippet examples/richtext/syntaxhighlighter/highlighter.cpp 4
95 \snippet examples/richtext/syntaxhighlighter/highlighter.cpp 5
97 Then we create a format that we will apply to Qt class names. The
98 class names will be rendered with a dark magenta color and a bold
99 style. We specify a string pattern that is actually a regular
100 expression capturing all Qt class names. Then we assign the
101 regular expression and the specified format to a HighlightingRule
102 object and append the object to our list of rules.
104 We also define highlighting rules for quotations and functions
105 using the same approach: The patterns have the form of regular
106 expressions and are stored in HighlightingRule objects with the
109 \snippet examples/richtext/syntaxhighlighter/highlighter.cpp 3
111 \snippet examples/richtext/syntaxhighlighter/highlighter.cpp 6
113 The C++ language has two variations of comments: The single line
114 comment (\c //) and the multiline comment (\c{/*...}\starslash). The single
115 line comment can easily be defined through a highlighting rule
116 similar to the previous ones. But the multiline comment needs
117 special care due to the design of the QSyntaxHighlighter class.
119 After a QSyntaxHighlighter object is created, its \l
120 {QSyntaxHighlighter::highlightBlock()}{highlightBlock()} function
121 will be called automatically whenever it is necessary by the rich
122 text engine, highlighting the given text block. The problem
123 appears when a comment spans several text blocks. We will take a
124 closer look at how this problem can be solved when reviewing the
125 implementation of the \c Highlighter::highlightBlock()
126 function. At this point we only specify the multiline comment's
129 \snippet examples/richtext/syntaxhighlighter/highlighter.cpp 7
131 The highlightBlock() function is called automatically whenever it
132 is necessary by the rich text engine, i.e. when there are text
133 blocks that have changed.
135 First we apply the syntax highlighting rules that we stored in the
136 \c highlightingRules vector. For each rule (i.e. for each
137 HighlightingRule object) we search for the pattern in the given
138 textblock using the QString::indexOf() function. When the first
139 occurrence of the pattern is found, we use the
140 QRegExp::matchedLength() function to determine the string that
141 will be formatted. QRegExp::matchedLength() returns the length of
142 the last matched string, or -1 if there was no match.
144 To perform the actual formatting the QSyntaxHighlighter class
145 provides the \l {QSyntaxHighlighter::setFormat()}{setFormat()}
146 function. This function operates on the text block that is passed
147 as argument to the \c highlightBlock() function. The specified
148 format is applied to the text from the given start position for
149 the given length. The formatting properties set in the given
150 format are merged at display time with the formatting information
151 stored directly in the document. Note that the document itself
152 remains unmodified by the format set through this function.
154 This process is repeated until the last occurrence of the pattern
155 in the current text block is found.
157 \snippet examples/richtext/syntaxhighlighter/highlighter.cpp 8
159 To deal with constructs that can span several text blocks (like
160 the C++ multiline comment), it is necessary to know the end state
161 of the previous text block (e.g. "in comment"). Inside your \c
162 highlightBlock() implementation you can query the end state of the
163 previous text block using the
164 QSyntaxHighlighter::previousBlockState() function. After parsing
165 the block you can save the last state using
166 QSyntaxHighlighter::setCurrentBlockState().
169 {QSyntaxHighlighter::previousBlockState()}{previousBlockState()}
170 function return an int value. If no state is set, the returned
171 value is -1. You can designate any other value to identify any
172 given state using the \l
173 {QSyntaxHighlighter::setCurrentBlockState()}{setCurrentBlockState()}
174 function. Once the state is set, the QTextBlock keeps that value
175 until it is set again or until the corresponding paragraph of text
178 In this example we have chosen to use 0 to represent the "not in
179 comment" state, and 1 for the "in comment" state. When the stored
180 syntax highlighting rules are applied we initialize the current
183 \snippet examples/richtext/syntaxhighlighter/highlighter.cpp 9
185 If the previous block state was "in comment" (\c
186 {previousBlockState() == 1}), we start the search for an end
187 expression at the beginning of the text block. If the
188 previousBlockState() returns 0, we start the search at the
189 location of the first occurrence of a start expression.
191 \snippet examples/richtext/syntaxhighlighter/highlighter.cpp 10
192 \snippet examples/richtext/syntaxhighlighter/highlighter.cpp 11
194 When an end expression is found, we calculate the length of the
195 comment and apply the multiline comment format. Then we search for
196 the next occurrence of the start expression and repeat the
197 process. If no end expression can be found in the current text
198 block we set the current block state to 1, i.e. "in comment".
200 This completes the \c Highlighter class implementation; it is now
203 \section1 MainWindow Class Definition
205 Using a QSyntaxHighlighter subclass is simple; just provide your
206 application with an instance of the class and pass it the document
207 upon which you want the highlighting to be applied.
209 \snippet examples/richtext/syntaxhighlighter/mainwindow.h 0
211 In this example we declare a pointer to a \c Highlighter instance
212 which we later will initialize in the private \c setupEditor()
215 \section1 MainWindow Class Implementation
217 The constructor of the main window is straight forward. We first
218 set up the menus, then we initialize the editor and make it the
219 central widget of the application. Finally we set the main
222 \snippet examples/richtext/syntaxhighlighter/mainwindow.cpp 0
224 We initialize and install the \c Highlighter object in the private
225 setupEditor() convenience function:
227 \snippet examples/richtext/syntaxhighlighter/mainwindow.cpp 1
229 First we create the font we want to use in the editor, then we
230 create the editor itself which is an instance of the QTextEdit
231 class. Before we initialize the editor with the \c MainWindow
232 class definition file, we create a \c Highlighter instance passing
233 the editor's document as argument. This is the document that the
234 highlighting will be applied to. Then we are done.
236 A QSyntaxHighlighter object can only be installed on one document
237 at the time, but you can easily reinstall the highlighter on
238 another document using the QSyntaxHighlighter::setDocument()
239 function. The QSyntaxHighlighter class also provides the \l
240 {QSyntaxHighlighter::document()}{document()} function which
241 returns the currently set document.
243 \section1 Other Code Editor Features
245 It is possible to implement parenthesis matching with
246 QSyntaxHighlighter. The "Matching Parentheses with
247 QSyntaxHighlighter" article in Qt Quarterly 31
248 (\l{http://doc.qt.nokia.com/qq/}) implements this. We also have
249 the \l{Code Editor Example}, which shows how to implement line
250 numbers and how to highlight the current line.