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29 \example graphicsview/elasticnodes
30 \title Elastic Nodes Example
32 \brief The Elastic Nodes example shows how to implement edges between nodes in a
33 graph, with basic interaction.
35 You can click to drag a node around, and
36 zoom in and out using the mouse wheel or the keyboard. Hitting the space
37 bar will randomize the nodes. The example is also resolution independent;
38 as you zoom in, the graphics remain crisp.
40 \image elasticnodes-example.png
42 Graphics View provides the QGraphicsScene class for managing and
43 interacting with a large number of custom-made 2D graphical items derived
44 from the QGraphicsItem class, and a QGraphicsView widget for visualizing
45 the items, with support for zooming and rotation.
47 This example consists of a \c Node class, an \c Edge class, a \c
48 GraphWidget test, and a \c main function: the \c Node class represents
49 draggable yellow nodes in a grid, the \c Edge class represents the lines
50 between the nodes, the \c GraphWidget class represents the application
51 window, and the \c main() function creates and shows this window, and runs
54 \section1 Node Class Definition
56 The \c Node class serves three purposes:
59 \o Painting a yellow gradient "ball" in two states: sunken and raised.
60 \o Managing connections to other nodes.
61 \o Calculating forces pulling and pushing the nodes in the grid.
64 Let's start by looking at the \c Node class declaration.
66 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/node.h 0
68 The \c Node class inherits QGraphicsItem, and reimplements the two
69 mandatory functions \l{QGraphicsItem::boundingRect()}{boundingRect()} and
70 \l{QGraphicsItem::paint()}{paint()} to provide its visual appearance. It
71 also reimplements \l{QGraphicsItem::shape()}{shape()} to ensure its hit
72 area has an elliptic shape (as opposed to the default bounding rectangle).
74 For edge management purposes, the node provides a simple API for adding
75 edges to a node, and for listing all connected edges.
77 The \l{QGraphicsItem::advance()}{advance()} reimplementation is called
78 whenever the scene's state advances by one step. The calculateForces()
79 function is called to calculate the forces that push and pull on this node
82 The \c Node class also reimplements
83 \l{QGraphicsItem::itemChange()}{itemChange()} to react to state changes (in
84 this case, position changes), and
85 \l{QGraphicsItem::mousePressEvent()}{mousePressEvent()} and
86 \l{QGraphicsItem::mouseReleaseEvent()}{mouseReleaseEvent()} to update the
87 item's visual appearance.
89 We will start reviewing the \c Node implementation by looking at its
92 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/node.cpp 0
94 In the constructor, we set the
95 \l{QGraphicsItem::ItemIsMovable}{ItemIsMovable} flag to allow the item to
96 move in response to mouse dragging, and
97 \l{QGraphicsItem::ItemSendsGeometryChanges}{ItemSendsGeometryChanges} to
98 enable \l{QGraphicsItem::itemChange()}{itemChange()} notifications for
99 position and transformation changes. We also enable
100 \l{QGraphicsItem::DeviceCoordinateCache}{DeviceCoordinateCache} to speed up
101 rendering performance. To ensure that the nodes are always stacked on top
102 of edges, we finally set the item's Z value to -1.
104 \c Node's constructor takes a \c GraphWidget pointer and stores this as a
105 member variable. We will revisit this pointer later on.
107 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/node.cpp 1
109 The addEdge() function adds the input edge to a list of attached edges. The
110 edge is then adjusted so that the end points for the edge match the
111 positions of the source and destination nodes.
113 The edges() function simply returns the list of attached edges.
115 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/node.cpp 2
117 There are two ways to move a node. The \c calculateForces() function
118 implements the elastic effect that pulls and pushes on nodes in the grid.
119 In addition, the user can directly move one node around with the mouse.
120 Because we do not want the two approaches to operate at the same time on
121 the same node, we start \c calculateForces() by checking if this \c Node is
122 the current mouse grabber item (i.e., QGraphicsScene::mouseGrabberItem()).
123 Because we need to find all neighboring (but not necessarily connected)
124 nodes, we also make sure the item is part of a scene in the first place.
126 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/node.cpp 3
128 The "elastic" effect comes from an algorithm that applies pushing and
129 pulling forces. The effect is impressive, and surprisingly simple to
132 The algorithm has two steps: the first is to calculate the forces that push
133 the nodes apart, and the second is to subtract the forces that pull the
134 nodes together. First we need to find all the nodes in the graph. We call
135 QGraphicsScene::items() to find all items in the scene, and then use
136 qgraphicsitem_cast() to look for \c Node instances.
138 We make use of \l{QGraphicsItem::mapFromItem()}{mapFromItem()} to create a
139 temporary vector pointing from this node to each other node, in \l{The
140 Graphics View Coordinate System}{local coordinates}. We use the decomposed
141 components of this vector to determine the direction and strength of force
142 that should apply to the node. The forces accumulate for each node, and are
143 then adjusted so that the closest nodes are given the strongest force, with
144 rapid degradation when distance increases. The sum of all forces is stored
145 in \c xvel (X-velocity) and \c yvel (Y-velocity).
147 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/node.cpp 4
149 The edges between the nodes represent forces that pull the nodes together.
150 By visiting each edge that is connected to this node, we can use a similar
151 approach as above to find the direction and strength of all pulling forces.
152 These forces are subtracted from \c xvel and \c yvel.
154 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/node.cpp 5
156 In theory, the sum of pushing and pulling forces should stabilize to
157 precisely 0. In practise, however, they never do. To circumvent errors in
158 numerical precision, we simply force the sum of forces to be 0 when they
161 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/node.cpp 6
163 The final step of \c calculateForces() determines the node's new position.
164 We add the force to the node's current position. We also make sure the new
165 position stays inside of our defined boundaries. We don't actually move the
166 item in this function; that's done in a separate step, from \c advance().
168 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/node.cpp 7
170 The \c advance() function updates the item's current position. It is called
171 from \c GraphWidget::timerEvent(). If the node's position changed, the
172 function returns true; otherwise false is returned.
174 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/node.cpp 8
176 The \c Node's bounding rectangle is a 20x20 sized rectangle centered around
177 its origin (0, 0), adjusted by 2 units in all directions to compensate for
178 the node's outline stroke, and by 3 units down and to the right to make
179 room for a simple drop shadow.
181 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/node.cpp 9
183 The shape is a simple ellipse. This ensures that you must click inside the
184 node's elliptic shape in order to drag it around. You can test this effect
185 by running the example, and zooming far in so that the nodes are very
186 large. Without reimplementing \l{QGraphicsItem::shape()}{shape()}, the
187 item's hit area would be identical to its bounding rectangle (i.e.,
190 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/node.cpp 10
192 This function implements the node's painting. We start by drawing a simple
193 dark gray elliptic drop shadow at (-7, -7), that is, (3, 3) units down and
194 to the right from the top-left corner (-10, -10) of the ellipse.
196 We then draw an ellipse with a radial gradient fill. This fill is either
197 Qt::yellow to Qt::darkYellow when raised, or the opposite when sunken. In
198 sunken state we also shift the center and focal point by (3, 3) to
199 emphasize the impression that something has been pushed down.
201 Drawing filled ellipses with gradients can be quite slow, especially when
202 using complex gradients such as QRadialGradient. This is why this example
203 uses \l{QGraphicsItem::DeviceCoordinateCache}{DeviceCoordinateCache}, a
204 simple yet effective measure that prevents unnecessary redrawing.
206 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/node.cpp 11
208 We reimplement \l{QGraphicsItem::itemChange()}{itemChange()} to adjust the
209 position of all connected edges, and to notify the scene that an item has
210 moved (i.e., "something has happened"). This will trigger new force
213 This notification is the only reason why the nodes need to keep a pointer
214 back to the \c GraphWidget. Another approach could be to provide such
215 notification using a signal; in such case, \c Node would need to inherit
216 from QGraphicsObject.
218 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/node.cpp 12
220 Because we have set the \l{QGraphicsItem::ItemIsMovable}{ItemIsMovable}
221 flag, we don't need to implement the logic that moves the node according to
222 mouse input; this is already provided for us. We still need to reimplement
223 the mouse press and release handlers, though, to update the nodes' visual
224 appearance (i.e., sunken or raised).
226 \section1 Edge Class Definition
228 The \c Edge class represents the arrow-lines between the nodes in this
229 example. The class is very simple: it maintains a source- and destination
230 node pointer, and provides an \c adjust() function that makes sure the line
231 starts at the position of the source, and ends at the position of the
232 destination. The edges are the only items that change continuously as
233 forces pull and push on the nodes.
235 Let's take a look at the class declaration:
237 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/edge.h 0
239 \c Edge inherits from QGraphicsItem, as it's a simple class that has no use
240 for signals, slots, and properties (compare to QGraphicsObject).
242 The constructor takes two node pointers as input. Both pointers are
243 mandatory in this example. We also provide get-functions for each node.
245 The \c adjust() function repositions the edge, and the item also implements
246 \l{QGraphicsItem::boundingRect()}{boundingRect()} and
247 \l{QGraphicsItem::paint()}{paint()}.
249 We will now review its implementation.
251 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/edge.cpp 0
253 The \c Edge constructor initializes its \c arrowSize data member to 10 units;
254 this determines the size of the arrow which is drawn in
255 \l{QGraphicsItem::paint()}{paint()}.
257 In the constructor body, we call
258 \l{QGraphicsItem::setAcceptedMouseButtons()}{setAcceptedMouseButtons(0)}.
259 This ensures that the edge items are not considered for mouse input at all
260 (i.e., you cannot click the edges). Then, the source and destination
261 pointers are updated, this edge is registered with each node, and we call
262 \c adjust() to update this edge's start end end position.
264 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/edge.cpp 1
266 The source and destination get-functions simply return the respective
269 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/edge.cpp 2
271 In \c adjust(), we define two points: \c sourcePoint, and \c destPoint,
272 pointing at the source and destination nodes' origins respectively. Each
273 point is calculated using \l{The Graphics View Coordinate System}{local
276 We want the tip of the edge's arrows to point to the exact outline of the
277 nodes, as opposed to the center of the nodes. To find this point, we first
278 decompose the vector pointing from the center of the source to the center
279 of the destination node into X and Y, and then normalize the components by
280 dividing by the length of the vector. This gives us an X and Y unit delta
281 that, when multiplied by the radius of the node (which is 10), gives us the
282 offset that must be added to one point of the edge, and subtracted from the
285 If the length of the vector is less than 20 (i.e., if two nodes overlap),
286 then we fix the source and destination pointer at the center of the source
287 node. In practise this case is very hard to reproduce manually, as the
288 forces between the two nodes is then at its maximum.
290 It's important to notice that we call
291 \l{QGraphicsItem::prepareGeometryChange()}{prepareGeometryChange()} in this
292 function. The reason is that the variables \c sourcePoint and \c destPoint
293 are used directly when painting, and they are returned from the
294 \l{QGraphicsItem::boundingRect()}{boundingRect()} reimplementation. We must
296 \l{QGraphicsItem::prepareGeometryChange()}{prepareGeometryChange()} before
297 changing what \l{QGraphicsItem::boundingRect()}{boundingRect()} returns,
298 and before these variables can be used by
299 \l{QGraphicsItem::paint()}{paint()}, to keep Graphics View's internal
300 bookkeeping clean. It's safest to call this function once, immediately
301 before any such variable is modified.
303 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/edge.cpp 3
305 The edge's bounding rectangle is defined as the smallest rectangle that
306 includes both the start and the end point of the edge. Because we draw an
307 arrow on each edge, we also need to compensate by adjusting with half the
308 arrow size and half the pen width in all directions. The pen is used to
309 draw the outline of the arrow, and we can assume that half of the outline
310 can be drawn outside of the arrow's area, and half will be drawn inside.
312 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/edge.cpp 4
314 We start the reimplementation of \l{QGraphicsItem::paint()}{paint()} by
315 checking a few preconditions. Firstly, if either the source or destination
316 node is not set, then we return immediately; there is nothing to draw.
318 At the same time, we check if the length of the edge is approximately 0,
319 and if it is, then we also return.
321 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/edge.cpp 5
323 We draw the line using a pen that has round joins and caps. If you run the
324 example, zoom in and study the edge in detail, you will see that there are
325 no sharp/square edges.
327 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/edge.cpp 6
329 We proceed to drawing one arrow at each end of the edge. Each arrow is
330 drawn as a polygon with a black fill. The coordinates for the arrow are
331 determined using simple trigonometry.
333 \section1 GraphWidget Class Definition
335 \c GraphWidget is a subclass of QGraphicsView, which provides the main
336 window with scrollbars.
338 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/graphwidget.h 0
340 The class provides a basic constructor that initializes the scene, an \c
341 itemMoved() function to notify changes in the scene's node graph, a few
342 event handlers, a reimplementation of
343 \l{QGraphicsView::drawBackground()}{drawBackground()}, and a helper
344 function for scaling the view by using the mouse wheel or keyboard.
346 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/graphwidget.cpp 0
348 \c GraphicsWidget's constructor creates the scene, and because most items
349 move around most of the time, it sets QGraphicsScene::NoIndex. The scene
350 then gets a fixed \l{QGraphicsScene::sceneRect}{scene rectangle}, and is
351 assigned to the \c GraphWidget view.
353 The view enables QGraphicsView::CacheBackground to cache rendering of its
354 static, and somewhat complex, background. Because the graph renders a close
355 collection of small items that all move around, it's unnecessary for
356 Graphics View to waste time finding accurate update regions, so we set the
357 QGraphicsView::BoundingRectViewportUpdate viewport update mode. The default
358 would work fine, but this mode is noticably faster for this example.
360 To improve rendering quality, we set QPainter::Antialiasing.
362 The transformation anchor decides how the view should scroll when you
363 transform the view, or in our case, when we zoom in or out. We have chosen
364 QGraphicsView::AnchorUnderMouse, which centers the view on the point under
365 the mouse cursor. This makes it easy to zoom towards a point in the scene
366 by moving the mouse over it, and then rolling the mouse wheel.
368 Finally we give the window a minimum size that matches the scene's default
369 size, and set a suitable window title.
371 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/graphwidget.cpp 1
373 The last part of the constructor creates the grid of nodes and edges, and
374 gives each node an initial position.
376 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/graphwidget.cpp 2
378 \c GraphWidget is notified of node movement through this \c itemMoved()
379 function. Its job is simply to restart the main timer in case it's not
380 running already. The timer is designed to stop when the graph stabilizes,
381 and start once it's unstable again.
383 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/graphwidget.cpp 3
385 This is \c GraphWidget's key event handler. The arrow keys move the center
386 node around, the '+' and '-' keys zoom in and out by calling \c
387 scaleView(), and the enter and space keys randomize the positions of the
388 nodes. All other key events (e.g., page up and page down) are handled by
389 QGraphicsView's default implementation.
391 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/graphwidget.cpp 4
393 The timer event handler's job is to run the whole force calculation
394 machinery as a smooth animation. Each time the timer is triggered, the
395 handler will find all nodes in the scene, and call \c
396 Node::calculateForces() on each node, one at a time. Then, in a final step
397 it will call \c Node::advance() to move all nodes to their new positions.
398 By checking the return value of \c advance(), we can decide if the grid
399 stabilized (i.e., no nodes moved). If so, we can stop the timer.
401 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/graphwidget.cpp 5
403 In the wheel event handler, we convert the mouse wheel delta to a scale
404 factor, and pass this factor to \c scaleView(). This approach takes into
405 account the speed that the wheel is rolled. The faster you roll the mouse
406 wheel, the faster the view will zoom.
408 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/graphwidget.cpp 6
410 The view's background is rendered in a reimplementation of
411 QGraphicsView::drawBackground(). We draw a large rectangle filled with a
412 linear gradient, add a drop shadow, and then render text on top. The text
413 is rendered twice for a simple drop-shadow effect.
415 This background rendering is quite expensive; this is why the view enables
416 QGraphicsView::CacheBackground.
418 \snippet examples/graphicsview/elasticnodes/graphwidget.cpp 7
420 The \c scaleView() helper function checks that the scale factor stays
421 within certain limits (i.e., you cannot zoom too far in nor too far out),
422 and then applies this scale to the view.
424 \section1 The main() Function
426 In contrast to the complexity of the rest of this example, the \c main()
427 function is very simple: We create a QApplication instance, seed the
428 randomizer using qsrand(), and then create and show an instance of \c
429 GraphWidget. Because all nodes in the grid are moved initially, the \c
430 GraphWidget timer will start immediately after control has returned to the